Ownership During the Age of the Prophet Mohammad (Peace Be Upon Him) PDF |
| Amena Mahmoud Ibrahimm Abu Hatab |
| Supervisor(s) |
| Dr. Jamal Judeh - |
| Discussion Commity |
| * |
| 111 صفحة |
| Abstract : |
This study investigates the ownership during the age of the Prophet, Mohammad, Messenger of God (Peace be upon him). The research is divided into four chapters in addition to an appendix its sources and references. Chapter One: Islam and Ownership. In this chapter, the researcher studies the ownership and its forms of the Arabs of the northern and southern regions of Arabia at the eve of Islam introduction. Then the concept of money especially immovable property (i.e. real property) is investigated. Afterwards, the researcher discusses the Messengers stand of the ownership of those who converted into Islam, the real taxes imposed upon those properties. The Messenger did not recognize the pagans’ ownership of lands not even their bloods. This chapter is concluded by identifying the messenger’s stand of the ownership of non-Muslims including the Jews, Christians, and Magi. This stand took place at two stages: the first stage took place before conquering Mecca when the Messenger took hold of the Jewish properties either by fight or by surrendering without fighting according to the methods that the Jews decided to deal with the Messenger. The second stage took place after the conquest of Mecca and imposing the almsgiving when the Messenger was certain of the success of his state. Hence, the Jews and Christians were treated as the protected people (i.e. free non-Muslim people under the protection of Islam). By doing this, they conserved their ownership in return for paying Dane-geld for themselves and their properties. Chapter Two: Fief. This form of ownership comprised the largest and most important form of ownership at the time of the Messenger. There were many forms of fief at the time of the Messenger. He granted places for housing, unknown lands and waters, limited and known lands and water wells that were identified in various parts throughout Arabia. He also granted vast areas of lands in Syria before conquest for groups in various places, in addition o granting minerals for certain people, and granting movables from the treasury to various people. In this chapter, it has been concluded that the Messenger did not limit certain areas of fief. At the same time, those fiefs were for ownership not for exploitation. It should be noted that the Messenger granted those fiefs the tribes’ sheiks and lords on the one hand, and the businessmen of the Immigrants and the Supporters on the other. In this way, he confirmed the privatization principle in ownership. Chapter Three: Spoils and Loots. In this chapter, the researcher discusses the ownership that came from the lands of spoil and loots. In fact, they were the lands of the Jews in Medina, Khaiber, Fadak, and Wadi-el-Qura. The Messenger took hold of the Jewish properties of Bani-Nadheer, Khaiber and Fadak making him one of the largest Muslim property holders. Then, he granted his followers some pieces of Bani-Nadheer lands. He also granted the lands of Kateeba Fort to his relatives of Bani-Hashem and Bani Abdul-Mutaleb in addition to his wives, some of the Immigrants, and Arab groups. Finally, the researcher discusses in this chapter the ownership that developed after seizing the lands that Muslims looted from Bani-Quraitha, Khaibar, and Wadi-el-Qura. It is concluded in this chapter that the ownership of the Immigrants and the Supporters replaced the ownership of the Jews and finished them completely in Hijaz.
Chapter Four: Protection, Held Charities and Land Reclamation. In this chapter, the researcher discusses the development of collective ownership at the time of the Messenger in addition to the various forms of private ownership including land reclamation, purchasing and inheritance. The Messenger confirmed the legitimacy of land protection for the tribes. In addition, he protected lands outside Medina for the charity livestock. In this respect, the Messenger decided that all people have common ownership in three things: water, grazing lands, and fire. New concepts of collective ownership developed in Islam: the held charities (endowments) which were originally private properties whose holders decided to endow them before their death for the benefits of their off-springs. Those properties should not be sold, granted, nor should they be inherited, but their products should be distributed among the inheritors of the dead endower. It seems that those collective properties comprised some form of descendant endowment. The researcher also discusses the form of ownership through land reclamation. The Messenger stated that whoever reclaimed a piece of land, he shall get hold of it. No doubt that this form of ownership was exclusive to Muslim businessmen since the reclamation itself needed vast financial potentials. This chapter is concluded by referring to ownership forms through land purchase and land inheritance though these forms were limited at the time of the Messenger. |
Thursday, January 28, 2010
Ownership During the Age of the Prophet Mohammad (Peace Be Upon Him)
A new Source of Fresh Green Feed (Hydroponic Barley)
A new Source of Fresh Green Feed (Hydroponic Barley) PDF |
| Intissar Fayez Adel Eshtayeh |
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| Supervisor(s) |
| Dr. Jamal Abu Omar - |
| Discussion Commity |
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| 51 صفحة |
| Abstract : |
Abstract This research was conducted to investigate the performance of lactating Awassi ewes when fed the hydroponic barley (HB). HB is fresh forage cultivated without soil or nutrients as fertilizers in part of the experiment and cultivated with raw olive cake as a media in the other. Barley seeds utilized in the research were cultivated in special trays for germination. At one part barley seeds were placed in these trays alone while in the other parts half of the barley seeds were placed on a thin layer of olive cake as a media for germination. For the performance study a total of 20 lactating Awassi ewes were used. The research was based on five feeding groups. In the first ewes were fed a barley basal ration. In the second and third groups, HB was incorporated in rations at levels of 15 and 25%. In the fourth and fifth groups HBOC was fed to ewes at levels of 15 and 25%. The experimental forage was used to replace concentrated feed and part of barley that used in the ration of the control ewes. Milk production and milk components were monitored in this research. Body weight change, health problems, fertility and twin percent were also investigated. Results of the research showed that HB alone and with OC (HBOC) had various effects on most of the tested parameters. The HB and HBOC mass produced were 10 and 12 kg/ tray. Milk yield and milk total solids were the highest (P<0.05) in ewes fed 25% of HB and HBOC. Milk protein and fat had increased (P<0.05) as a result of feeding the high level of HB and the two levels of HBOC. The body weight change was increased (P<0.05) in ewes fed the two levels of HB and the low level of HBOC. Both conception rate and twin percentages were improved in ewes fed the forage. No health problems were observed in ewes. These results indicated the importance of this forage as fresh forage in ewes’ rations. |
General Revenues Determinative in Palestine
General Revenues Determinative in Palestine PDF |
| Ola Mohammad Abd-Almohsean Al-Shelleh |
| Supervisor(s) |
| Dr. Mohammad Sharaqa - |
| Discussion Commity |
| 161 صفحة |
| Abstract : |
General Revenues Determinative in Palestine Prepared by Ola Mohammad Abd-Almohsean Al-Shelleh Supervised by Dr. Mohammad Sharaqa Abstract The researcher meant in this study to shed light on the subject general revenues and factors that limit its volume increase and he sought for the Palestinian economy to give a background for the subject and make in integral, below are the importance of the points the subject handled: This study aimed at acquainting with the obstacles that face the Palestinian economy and intervene to make disable to escort the neighboring countries study, it showed that these obstacles are of clear and tangible on the Palestinian economy functions. This study also handled acquainting with the general revenues concept and progress, and how countries try strenuously for the increase of general revenues collection; and this study also showed kinds of general studies with in the Islamic countries are non-Islamic, in addition to the general revenues division and criteria which were followed in that. This study also showed a description for the general revenues during the occupation period and the Israeli practices the affected them. In addition to the general revenues at the stage of the Authority through the resources and developments that happened through concerned in the study period, and giving a gesture about the estimative budgets project fir the year 2005. Then the study illustrated the general revenues subject through Paris economic Agreement by making a detailed study for Paris Agreement and evaluating in at the theoretical and practiced level, and making a whole criticism concerning the revenues in particular and reaching to that this Agreement is a fundamental determinative for the general revenues that makes at its collection decrease.The study sought for the general revenues determinatives, which were divided to political and economical determinatives, and administrative and legislative determinatives, and showed how those determinatives affected the general revenues and handled the political determinatives that situation economical Agreements, absence of national currency, boycott process, in addition to customs and tolls and showed hoe these factories can do at increasing the revenues if they were well exploited.the same for the economical determinatives, the study showed the political determinatives which the deteriorated Palestinian economy structure was the most one and the Authority policy in the economical field in addition to the tax system as it showed is characterized and aims and gaps which it suffers from and its affect on the general revenues in addition to clearing the role of taxation escape in limiting the general revenues.The study showed the role of the general revenues volume increase through mentioning and illustrating the administrative determinatives which were summarized in the absence of financial administrative control , lack of the Palestinian experience in the financial and administrative system ,in addition to the absence of general revenues function evaluation , the study also handled some of the legislative issues and explained they are determinative for the general revenues of them, the inherited legislative frame, the merits which the financial legislative in characterized by, and hinders the general revenues a acquisition , and the Palestinian role in the financial legislation and its affect on the general revenues and the sought for the general revenues execution and their affect on the collection in the end , then he mentioned some necessary modifications because of the general revenues collection increase . The researcher reviewed the cultures related to the subject in addition to the scientific reference related to the some subject, and he followed the budgets issued by legislative council, in addition to certain reports issued by the same relations. Upon this, the study included chapter as each on contained certain subject. The first chapter sought for the general revenues in its traditional concepts, and the situation of those revenues in its traditional concepts, and the situation of those revenues through the occupation period, as it illustrated its development at the Palestinians National Authority era, and he showed the effects of Paris Agreement on the general revenues collection. In the second chapter, the study showed the issue of the subject which the general revenues determinatives and showed its affect on the general revenues volume and their affect on decrease or increase of those revenues whether they are political, economical administrative or legislative determinatives. At last, the study came to a group of results and recommendation, of which the most important are: 1. Paris Agreement was not at the level of the Palestinian people ambitions and hopes, and it was for the interest of Israeli side, as it enabled it to interfere with many of the political economical and financial cases which concern the Palestinian side. 2. the considers the absence of a national currency the most important political determinative for the general revenues a some of the revenues which the treasury can get complete in the Israeli shekel whether they are taxes or customs fees . 3. the taxation system suffers from clear in adequacy appears through comparative weight increase for the indirect taxes in addition to taxes importance greatness of the foreign trade sector . 4. the general revenues management confirmed important achievements, the field of quantities acquisition for the revenues embodied in developing the clearing management with Israel , and collecting the money deserved to the Authority and witch were detected at Israel in addition to its ability for developing income taxation law and taxation revenues computerization 5. The legislative (lawful) frame in Palestine is considered inherited one made by Israel to save it, which most it, is stealing the Palestinian economy and controlling its sources and limiting its activity. from here, the National Authority and its concerned institutions have to notice what the functions of general revenues management needs to be developed and there are conditions to be fulfilled for this represented by simplifying taxation system depending in a comprehensive plan for developing the general revenues in addition to commit tins all level in general revenues management in the development process including planning and executing in addition fostering relation between the department and taxpayers.It must also adjust income tax law concerning taxation burden and exemptions, in addition other types of income and reduction of V.A.T (Value Additional Tax) average and application of a whole rule for clearing mechanism between the Palestinian Nationality and the Israeli government |
Personality Traits and Organizational
Personality Traits and Organizational PDF |
| Khitam A. Ali Ghanam |
| Supervisor(s) |
| Dr. Ghassan Hilo - د.عبد محمد عساف |
| Discussion Commity |
| 183 صفحة |
| Abstract : |
This study aimed at identifying the nature of relationship between personality traits and organizational loyalty of female primary school teachers in Nablus Governorate public schools. It also sought to determine the role of the independent variables (place of living, place of residence, academic qualification, field of teaching, marital status, family average of income, years of experience) in influencing personality traits and organizational loyalty. The population of the study comprised all female primary school teachers in public schools of Nablus Governorate. According to Nablus Directorate of Education, there were 1,088 teachers. The sample of the study represented 16.8% of the population or 183 teachers. To answer the questions of the study and test its hypotheses, the researcher used two questionnaires. The first was used to measure personality traits while the second questionnaire, developed by the researcher, was based on other studies and educational literature relevant to the study. These questionnaires were as follows: · Gordon’s Modified Personality Profile Scale consisting of 39 items, distributed equally among four major traits: responsibility, emotional (steadiness) balance control, and sociability. · Organizational loyalty questionnaire consisting of 28 items. After administering the questionnaire to the subjects of the study, the researcher collected, processed and analyzed the data statistically using the SPSS package. Findings: 1. The study revealed that the degree of the presence of personality traits, among female primary school teachers in Nablus Governorate government schools, was high: the percentage was 77.75%. The order of percentages of the degree of the presence of personality traits was as follows: · Degree of the presence of responsibility trait was very high; the percentage was 84.6%. · Degree of the presence of sociability was also high; the percentage amounted to 77.4%. · Degree of the presence of control trait was high; the percentage was 77.2%. · Degree of the presence of emotional stability was high; the percentage amounted to 71.8%. 2. The degree of the presence of organizational loyalty among female primary school teachers was very high: the percentage was 83.2%. 3. It was found that there were statistically significant differences at (α= 0.05) level among the domains of the personality traits of female primary school teachers in Nablus Governorate public schools, it was between the domains of sociability, control, emotional stability, and responsibility for responsibility trait. And between the domains of sociability and emotional stability for the emotional stability. And between control and emotional stability it was for the control trait domination. 4. There were, however, no statistically significant differences at (α= 0.05) level between domains of personality traits and organizational loyalty among female primary school teachers which might be attributed to variables of place of residence, place of living, field of teaching, marital status, family average of income and years of experience. 5. Pertaining to the academic qualification, the results showed that there were no statistically significant differences at (α= 0.05) level in responsibility, sociability and organizational loyalty traits which might be attributed to the academic qualification variable. However, there were statistically significant differences at (α=0.05) level in emotional steadiness, control, and personality traits in favor of diploma holders and lower degree holders. 6. There was a statistically positive correlation at (α= 0.01) level between personality traits and organizational loyalty of female primary school teachers in Nablus Governorate public schools. 7. Control was found to be the most capable trait to forecast personality traits. In the light of the study findings, the researcher recommends that the Ministry of Education set up training programs to support female teachers morally, enhance their positive personality traits, and emotional stability in particular, to overcome stress which female teachers are vulnerable to. The researcher also recommends offering both financial compensation, rewards and moral support to teachers who daily pass through roadblocks and are subjected there to all kinds of torture. |
Planning and Strategies of Reconstruction and Development of Historic Center in Nablus City
Planning and Strategies of Reconstruction and Development of Historic Center in Nablus City PDF |
| Masarra Shaher Baker Al-Hanbali |
| Supervisor(s) |
| Dr. Eman Amad - د. علي عبد الحميد |
| Discussion Commity |
| 253 صفحة |
| Abstract : |
From the past, Nablus noted by it historical buildings and it wonderful masterworks. Although this city attends many of arms, invaders and colonizers among it life like crusaders, Mongols and Tatars. Going through the first and the second international war, Nablus stay immovable by it buildings, wards and lanes in front of this attack until the Israeli occupation especially 3 April 2002 plaguing night, so they harm it by firing the historical residential ward’s in it historic centers that conduced to destructing many buildings which a lot of them characteristic with it big historic value, from mosques, soap factories, stores and traditional house as will as partial crushing in the city infrastructure. Under this hard protection that nablus still suffer from it, as a searchers interested in the Palestinian cultural legacy we find us responsible albeit relatively about what happening against our historical culture, and this responsible must to crystallize theoretical and feasible like standing forward the constrains which may lead up to drift our historical national to emphasize our identity and to stabilize our roots by using all available possibilities whether from the political sides or organizational or artistry |
GIS as a Tool for Route Location and Highway Alignment
GIS as a Tool for Route Location and Highway Alignment PDF |
| Dawwas, Emad Basheer Salameh |
| Supervisor(s) |
| Sameer A. Abu Eisheh - |
| Discussion Commity |
| صفحة |
| Abstract : |
Selecting best route location and highway alignment process is a complicated one, due to the many variables that must be taken into consideration for achieving the best results. Geographic Information Systems (GIS) can easily model such variables, including topography, environment, built-up areas, and geology variables. This study took advantages of GIS capabilities that offer the ability to overlay maps, merge them, and perform spatial analysis on various layers of information in either two or three dimensions. In this study, a GIS model for route location and highway alignment was developed and used to generate alternate highway route applications. After these alternatives were preliminarily designed using CADD software (Softdesk 8.0), the model was used to analyze, evaluate, and then select the alternative with least impacts on environmental, economical, and political aspects. In this study, the GIS model was tested on an application that aims to select the best alternative of three suggested highway alignments. This selected highway is supposed to connect two major cities in the north of the West Bank (Nablus and Jenin). In this application, the advantages of the developed model was clear in the preliminary stage of alternatives generation where it was possible to avoid impacting of the different sensitive areas. In addition, a lot of information can be concluded once the user identifies a suggested route because the profile can be developed and drawn immediately. In final stages of analysis and evaluation, the model showed high capabilities in analyzing the impacts of each alternative, using buffering and spatial relations between the different features and the suggested alternatives, and then evaluating these impacts. The results of this study clearly showed the applicability and potential of using GIS as a tool in route location and highway alignment with least potential impacts. |
Role of the Arab Political System in Impeding
Role of the Arab Political System in Impeding PDF |
| Maha Sami Fuad Masri |
| Supervisor(s) |
| Professor Nayef Abu Khalaf - |
| Discussion Commity |
| 356 صفحة |
| Abstract : |
At a time when advanced societies seek to take hold of knowledge and its secrets and control its movement through a healthy ground, thanks to legitimate political systems’ help in fixing it, underdeveloped societies, including the Arab societies, are plagued with informational crises which have cost them a lot at the internal and external levels. This is attributed to the fact that their political regimes lack legitimacy. These regimes, by various means and methods, have imposed themselves. Their top priority is to remain in power and continue to rule. These regimes have totally neglected informational building of their subjects. The vision of the Arab political system has been based on rule: restriction of freedom and usurpation of rights. These regimes have long believed that freedom, if given to people, will pose a threat to them and to their survival. This restriction of freedom and denial of rights have been practiced under the pretext of maintaining order and law. In so doing, these regimes have censored all tools of information production and dissemination. The Arab regimes are truly living in serious crises. Of these are the crises of legitimacy and democracy and absence of political pluralism. These have allowed denial of rights and civil liberties of the Arab citizen, thus hindering his endeavor for knowledge. The informational building has been hard hit. One of the basics of this building is the exercise of political freedom and civil liberties by the citizen including freedom of thinking, expression of opinion in a way that allows the acceptance of the other’s opinion, and the possibility of opening a dialog with him to come up with an independent, objective, enlightened opinion, on the basis of which a constructive dialog can be initiated. This status quo of the Arab political regimes and their societies is now in a serious crisis: informational crisis. This has opened the room for foreigners to impose their agenda, and suggest reform initiatives, counting on language of threats. They are frankly pressing for their implementation. This study has proved that behind these schemes are bad intentions, propaganda and political interests. This study has endeavored to point out that the building or creation of informational Arab societies will not materialize through foreign reform calls and schemes. Rather, what is needed is national reform schemes that take into consideration political reform, first, through creation of legitimate political regimes based on public support, institutional democracy, freedom of opinion and expression and the right to access knowledge wherever it is without any restrictions or conditions. |