Ownership During the Age of the Prophet Mohammad (Peace Be Upon Him) PDF |
| Amena Mahmoud Ibrahimm Abu Hatab |
| Supervisor(s) |
| Dr. Jamal Judeh - |
| Discussion Commity |
| * |
| 111 صفحة |
| Abstract : |
This study investigates the ownership during the age of the Prophet, Mohammad, Messenger of God (Peace be upon him). The research is divided into four chapters in addition to an appendix its sources and references. Chapter One: Islam and Ownership. In this chapter, the researcher studies the ownership and its forms of the Arabs of the northern and southern regions of Arabia at the eve of Islam introduction. Then the concept of money especially immovable property (i.e. real property) is investigated. Afterwards, the researcher discusses the Messengers stand of the ownership of those who converted into Islam, the real taxes imposed upon those properties. The Messenger did not recognize the pagans’ ownership of lands not even their bloods. This chapter is concluded by identifying the messenger’s stand of the ownership of non-Muslims including the Jews, Christians, and Magi. This stand took place at two stages: the first stage took place before conquering Mecca when the Messenger took hold of the Jewish properties either by fight or by surrendering without fighting according to the methods that the Jews decided to deal with the Messenger. The second stage took place after the conquest of Mecca and imposing the almsgiving when the Messenger was certain of the success of his state. Hence, the Jews and Christians were treated as the protected people (i.e. free non-Muslim people under the protection of Islam). By doing this, they conserved their ownership in return for paying Dane-geld for themselves and their properties. Chapter Two: Fief. This form of ownership comprised the largest and most important form of ownership at the time of the Messenger. There were many forms of fief at the time of the Messenger. He granted places for housing, unknown lands and waters, limited and known lands and water wells that were identified in various parts throughout Arabia. He also granted vast areas of lands in Syria before conquest for groups in various places, in addition o granting minerals for certain people, and granting movables from the treasury to various people. In this chapter, it has been concluded that the Messenger did not limit certain areas of fief. At the same time, those fiefs were for ownership not for exploitation. It should be noted that the Messenger granted those fiefs the tribes’ sheiks and lords on the one hand, and the businessmen of the Immigrants and the Supporters on the other. In this way, he confirmed the privatization principle in ownership. Chapter Three: Spoils and Loots. In this chapter, the researcher discusses the ownership that came from the lands of spoil and loots. In fact, they were the lands of the Jews in Medina, Khaiber, Fadak, and Wadi-el-Qura. The Messenger took hold of the Jewish properties of Bani-Nadheer, Khaiber and Fadak making him one of the largest Muslim property holders. Then, he granted his followers some pieces of Bani-Nadheer lands. He also granted the lands of Kateeba Fort to his relatives of Bani-Hashem and Bani Abdul-Mutaleb in addition to his wives, some of the Immigrants, and Arab groups. Finally, the researcher discusses in this chapter the ownership that developed after seizing the lands that Muslims looted from Bani-Quraitha, Khaibar, and Wadi-el-Qura. It is concluded in this chapter that the ownership of the Immigrants and the Supporters replaced the ownership of the Jews and finished them completely in Hijaz.
Chapter Four: Protection, Held Charities and Land Reclamation. In this chapter, the researcher discusses the development of collective ownership at the time of the Messenger in addition to the various forms of private ownership including land reclamation, purchasing and inheritance. The Messenger confirmed the legitimacy of land protection for the tribes. In addition, he protected lands outside Medina for the charity livestock. In this respect, the Messenger decided that all people have common ownership in three things: water, grazing lands, and fire. New concepts of collective ownership developed in Islam: the held charities (endowments) which were originally private properties whose holders decided to endow them before their death for the benefits of their off-springs. Those properties should not be sold, granted, nor should they be inherited, but their products should be distributed among the inheritors of the dead endower. It seems that those collective properties comprised some form of descendant endowment. The researcher also discusses the form of ownership through land reclamation. The Messenger stated that whoever reclaimed a piece of land, he shall get hold of it. No doubt that this form of ownership was exclusive to Muslim businessmen since the reclamation itself needed vast financial potentials. This chapter is concluded by referring to ownership forms through land purchase and land inheritance though these forms were limited at the time of the Messenger. |
Thursday, January 28, 2010
Ownership During the Age of the Prophet Mohammad (Peace Be Upon Him)
A new Source of Fresh Green Feed (Hydroponic Barley)
A new Source of Fresh Green Feed (Hydroponic Barley) PDF |
| Intissar Fayez Adel Eshtayeh |
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| Supervisor(s) |
| Dr. Jamal Abu Omar - |
| Discussion Commity |
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| 51 صفحة |
| Abstract : |
Abstract This research was conducted to investigate the performance of lactating Awassi ewes when fed the hydroponic barley (HB). HB is fresh forage cultivated without soil or nutrients as fertilizers in part of the experiment and cultivated with raw olive cake as a media in the other. Barley seeds utilized in the research were cultivated in special trays for germination. At one part barley seeds were placed in these trays alone while in the other parts half of the barley seeds were placed on a thin layer of olive cake as a media for germination. For the performance study a total of 20 lactating Awassi ewes were used. The research was based on five feeding groups. In the first ewes were fed a barley basal ration. In the second and third groups, HB was incorporated in rations at levels of 15 and 25%. In the fourth and fifth groups HBOC was fed to ewes at levels of 15 and 25%. The experimental forage was used to replace concentrated feed and part of barley that used in the ration of the control ewes. Milk production and milk components were monitored in this research. Body weight change, health problems, fertility and twin percent were also investigated. Results of the research showed that HB alone and with OC (HBOC) had various effects on most of the tested parameters. The HB and HBOC mass produced were 10 and 12 kg/ tray. Milk yield and milk total solids were the highest (P<0.05) in ewes fed 25% of HB and HBOC. Milk protein and fat had increased (P<0.05) as a result of feeding the high level of HB and the two levels of HBOC. The body weight change was increased (P<0.05) in ewes fed the two levels of HB and the low level of HBOC. Both conception rate and twin percentages were improved in ewes fed the forage. No health problems were observed in ewes. These results indicated the importance of this forage as fresh forage in ewes’ rations. |
General Revenues Determinative in Palestine
General Revenues Determinative in Palestine PDF |
| Ola Mohammad Abd-Almohsean Al-Shelleh |
| Supervisor(s) |
| Dr. Mohammad Sharaqa - |
| Discussion Commity |
| 161 صفحة |
| Abstract : |
General Revenues Determinative in Palestine Prepared by Ola Mohammad Abd-Almohsean Al-Shelleh Supervised by Dr. Mohammad Sharaqa Abstract The researcher meant in this study to shed light on the subject general revenues and factors that limit its volume increase and he sought for the Palestinian economy to give a background for the subject and make in integral, below are the importance of the points the subject handled: This study aimed at acquainting with the obstacles that face the Palestinian economy and intervene to make disable to escort the neighboring countries study, it showed that these obstacles are of clear and tangible on the Palestinian economy functions. This study also handled acquainting with the general revenues concept and progress, and how countries try strenuously for the increase of general revenues collection; and this study also showed kinds of general studies with in the Islamic countries are non-Islamic, in addition to the general revenues division and criteria which were followed in that. This study also showed a description for the general revenues during the occupation period and the Israeli practices the affected them. In addition to the general revenues at the stage of the Authority through the resources and developments that happened through concerned in the study period, and giving a gesture about the estimative budgets project fir the year 2005. Then the study illustrated the general revenues subject through Paris economic Agreement by making a detailed study for Paris Agreement and evaluating in at the theoretical and practiced level, and making a whole criticism concerning the revenues in particular and reaching to that this Agreement is a fundamental determinative for the general revenues that makes at its collection decrease.The study sought for the general revenues determinatives, which were divided to political and economical determinatives, and administrative and legislative determinatives, and showed how those determinatives affected the general revenues and handled the political determinatives that situation economical Agreements, absence of national currency, boycott process, in addition to customs and tolls and showed hoe these factories can do at increasing the revenues if they were well exploited.the same for the economical determinatives, the study showed the political determinatives which the deteriorated Palestinian economy structure was the most one and the Authority policy in the economical field in addition to the tax system as it showed is characterized and aims and gaps which it suffers from and its affect on the general revenues in addition to clearing the role of taxation escape in limiting the general revenues.The study showed the role of the general revenues volume increase through mentioning and illustrating the administrative determinatives which were summarized in the absence of financial administrative control , lack of the Palestinian experience in the financial and administrative system ,in addition to the absence of general revenues function evaluation , the study also handled some of the legislative issues and explained they are determinative for the general revenues of them, the inherited legislative frame, the merits which the financial legislative in characterized by, and hinders the general revenues a acquisition , and the Palestinian role in the financial legislation and its affect on the general revenues and the sought for the general revenues execution and their affect on the collection in the end , then he mentioned some necessary modifications because of the general revenues collection increase . The researcher reviewed the cultures related to the subject in addition to the scientific reference related to the some subject, and he followed the budgets issued by legislative council, in addition to certain reports issued by the same relations. Upon this, the study included chapter as each on contained certain subject. The first chapter sought for the general revenues in its traditional concepts, and the situation of those revenues in its traditional concepts, and the situation of those revenues through the occupation period, as it illustrated its development at the Palestinians National Authority era, and he showed the effects of Paris Agreement on the general revenues collection. In the second chapter, the study showed the issue of the subject which the general revenues determinatives and showed its affect on the general revenues volume and their affect on decrease or increase of those revenues whether they are political, economical administrative or legislative determinatives. At last, the study came to a group of results and recommendation, of which the most important are: 1. Paris Agreement was not at the level of the Palestinian people ambitions and hopes, and it was for the interest of Israeli side, as it enabled it to interfere with many of the political economical and financial cases which concern the Palestinian side. 2. the considers the absence of a national currency the most important political determinative for the general revenues a some of the revenues which the treasury can get complete in the Israeli shekel whether they are taxes or customs fees . 3. the taxation system suffers from clear in adequacy appears through comparative weight increase for the indirect taxes in addition to taxes importance greatness of the foreign trade sector . 4. the general revenues management confirmed important achievements, the field of quantities acquisition for the revenues embodied in developing the clearing management with Israel , and collecting the money deserved to the Authority and witch were detected at Israel in addition to its ability for developing income taxation law and taxation revenues computerization 5. The legislative (lawful) frame in Palestine is considered inherited one made by Israel to save it, which most it, is stealing the Palestinian economy and controlling its sources and limiting its activity. from here, the National Authority and its concerned institutions have to notice what the functions of general revenues management needs to be developed and there are conditions to be fulfilled for this represented by simplifying taxation system depending in a comprehensive plan for developing the general revenues in addition to commit tins all level in general revenues management in the development process including planning and executing in addition fostering relation between the department and taxpayers.It must also adjust income tax law concerning taxation burden and exemptions, in addition other types of income and reduction of V.A.T (Value Additional Tax) average and application of a whole rule for clearing mechanism between the Palestinian Nationality and the Israeli government |
Personality Traits and Organizational
Personality Traits and Organizational PDF |
| Khitam A. Ali Ghanam |
| Supervisor(s) |
| Dr. Ghassan Hilo - د.عبد محمد عساف |
| Discussion Commity |
| 183 صفحة |
| Abstract : |
This study aimed at identifying the nature of relationship between personality traits and organizational loyalty of female primary school teachers in Nablus Governorate public schools. It also sought to determine the role of the independent variables (place of living, place of residence, academic qualification, field of teaching, marital status, family average of income, years of experience) in influencing personality traits and organizational loyalty. The population of the study comprised all female primary school teachers in public schools of Nablus Governorate. According to Nablus Directorate of Education, there were 1,088 teachers. The sample of the study represented 16.8% of the population or 183 teachers. To answer the questions of the study and test its hypotheses, the researcher used two questionnaires. The first was used to measure personality traits while the second questionnaire, developed by the researcher, was based on other studies and educational literature relevant to the study. These questionnaires were as follows: · Gordon’s Modified Personality Profile Scale consisting of 39 items, distributed equally among four major traits: responsibility, emotional (steadiness) balance control, and sociability. · Organizational loyalty questionnaire consisting of 28 items. After administering the questionnaire to the subjects of the study, the researcher collected, processed and analyzed the data statistically using the SPSS package. Findings: 1. The study revealed that the degree of the presence of personality traits, among female primary school teachers in Nablus Governorate government schools, was high: the percentage was 77.75%. The order of percentages of the degree of the presence of personality traits was as follows: · Degree of the presence of responsibility trait was very high; the percentage was 84.6%. · Degree of the presence of sociability was also high; the percentage amounted to 77.4%. · Degree of the presence of control trait was high; the percentage was 77.2%. · Degree of the presence of emotional stability was high; the percentage amounted to 71.8%. 2. The degree of the presence of organizational loyalty among female primary school teachers was very high: the percentage was 83.2%. 3. It was found that there were statistically significant differences at (α= 0.05) level among the domains of the personality traits of female primary school teachers in Nablus Governorate public schools, it was between the domains of sociability, control, emotional stability, and responsibility for responsibility trait. And between the domains of sociability and emotional stability for the emotional stability. And between control and emotional stability it was for the control trait domination. 4. There were, however, no statistically significant differences at (α= 0.05) level between domains of personality traits and organizational loyalty among female primary school teachers which might be attributed to variables of place of residence, place of living, field of teaching, marital status, family average of income and years of experience. 5. Pertaining to the academic qualification, the results showed that there were no statistically significant differences at (α= 0.05) level in responsibility, sociability and organizational loyalty traits which might be attributed to the academic qualification variable. However, there were statistically significant differences at (α=0.05) level in emotional steadiness, control, and personality traits in favor of diploma holders and lower degree holders. 6. There was a statistically positive correlation at (α= 0.01) level between personality traits and organizational loyalty of female primary school teachers in Nablus Governorate public schools. 7. Control was found to be the most capable trait to forecast personality traits. In the light of the study findings, the researcher recommends that the Ministry of Education set up training programs to support female teachers morally, enhance their positive personality traits, and emotional stability in particular, to overcome stress which female teachers are vulnerable to. The researcher also recommends offering both financial compensation, rewards and moral support to teachers who daily pass through roadblocks and are subjected there to all kinds of torture. |
Planning and Strategies of Reconstruction and Development of Historic Center in Nablus City
Planning and Strategies of Reconstruction and Development of Historic Center in Nablus City PDF |
| Masarra Shaher Baker Al-Hanbali |
| Supervisor(s) |
| Dr. Eman Amad - د. علي عبد الحميد |
| Discussion Commity |
| 253 صفحة |
| Abstract : |
From the past, Nablus noted by it historical buildings and it wonderful masterworks. Although this city attends many of arms, invaders and colonizers among it life like crusaders, Mongols and Tatars. Going through the first and the second international war, Nablus stay immovable by it buildings, wards and lanes in front of this attack until the Israeli occupation especially 3 April 2002 plaguing night, so they harm it by firing the historical residential ward’s in it historic centers that conduced to destructing many buildings which a lot of them characteristic with it big historic value, from mosques, soap factories, stores and traditional house as will as partial crushing in the city infrastructure. Under this hard protection that nablus still suffer from it, as a searchers interested in the Palestinian cultural legacy we find us responsible albeit relatively about what happening against our historical culture, and this responsible must to crystallize theoretical and feasible like standing forward the constrains which may lead up to drift our historical national to emphasize our identity and to stabilize our roots by using all available possibilities whether from the political sides or organizational or artistry |
GIS as a Tool for Route Location and Highway Alignment
GIS as a Tool for Route Location and Highway Alignment PDF |
| Dawwas, Emad Basheer Salameh |
| Supervisor(s) |
| Sameer A. Abu Eisheh - |
| Discussion Commity |
| صفحة |
| Abstract : |
Selecting best route location and highway alignment process is a complicated one, due to the many variables that must be taken into consideration for achieving the best results. Geographic Information Systems (GIS) can easily model such variables, including topography, environment, built-up areas, and geology variables. This study took advantages of GIS capabilities that offer the ability to overlay maps, merge them, and perform spatial analysis on various layers of information in either two or three dimensions. In this study, a GIS model for route location and highway alignment was developed and used to generate alternate highway route applications. After these alternatives were preliminarily designed using CADD software (Softdesk 8.0), the model was used to analyze, evaluate, and then select the alternative with least impacts on environmental, economical, and political aspects. In this study, the GIS model was tested on an application that aims to select the best alternative of three suggested highway alignments. This selected highway is supposed to connect two major cities in the north of the West Bank (Nablus and Jenin). In this application, the advantages of the developed model was clear in the preliminary stage of alternatives generation where it was possible to avoid impacting of the different sensitive areas. In addition, a lot of information can be concluded once the user identifies a suggested route because the profile can be developed and drawn immediately. In final stages of analysis and evaluation, the model showed high capabilities in analyzing the impacts of each alternative, using buffering and spatial relations between the different features and the suggested alternatives, and then evaluating these impacts. The results of this study clearly showed the applicability and potential of using GIS as a tool in route location and highway alignment with least potential impacts. |
Role of the Arab Political System in Impeding
Role of the Arab Political System in Impeding PDF |
| Maha Sami Fuad Masri |
| Supervisor(s) |
| Professor Nayef Abu Khalaf - |
| Discussion Commity |
| 356 صفحة |
| Abstract : |
At a time when advanced societies seek to take hold of knowledge and its secrets and control its movement through a healthy ground, thanks to legitimate political systems’ help in fixing it, underdeveloped societies, including the Arab societies, are plagued with informational crises which have cost them a lot at the internal and external levels. This is attributed to the fact that their political regimes lack legitimacy. These regimes, by various means and methods, have imposed themselves. Their top priority is to remain in power and continue to rule. These regimes have totally neglected informational building of their subjects. The vision of the Arab political system has been based on rule: restriction of freedom and usurpation of rights. These regimes have long believed that freedom, if given to people, will pose a threat to them and to their survival. This restriction of freedom and denial of rights have been practiced under the pretext of maintaining order and law. In so doing, these regimes have censored all tools of information production and dissemination. The Arab regimes are truly living in serious crises. Of these are the crises of legitimacy and democracy and absence of political pluralism. These have allowed denial of rights and civil liberties of the Arab citizen, thus hindering his endeavor for knowledge. The informational building has been hard hit. One of the basics of this building is the exercise of political freedom and civil liberties by the citizen including freedom of thinking, expression of opinion in a way that allows the acceptance of the other’s opinion, and the possibility of opening a dialog with him to come up with an independent, objective, enlightened opinion, on the basis of which a constructive dialog can be initiated. This status quo of the Arab political regimes and their societies is now in a serious crisis: informational crisis. This has opened the room for foreigners to impose their agenda, and suggest reform initiatives, counting on language of threats. They are frankly pressing for their implementation. This study has proved that behind these schemes are bad intentions, propaganda and political interests. This study has endeavored to point out that the building or creation of informational Arab societies will not materialize through foreign reform calls and schemes. Rather, what is needed is national reform schemes that take into consideration political reform, first, through creation of legitimate political regimes based on public support, institutional democracy, freedom of opinion and expression and the right to access knowledge wherever it is without any restrictions or conditions. |
The Effect of Oslo Accord on Palestinian Unity and its Reflections on the Political Development
The Effect of Oslo Accord on Palestinian Unity and its Reflections on the Political Development PDF |
| Hanan Thaher Mahmmoed Arafat |
| Supervisor(s) |
| Prof. Abdul Sattar Kassem - |
| Discussion Commity |
| 208 صفحة |
| Abstract : |
The current study aimed at recognizing the effect of Oslo agreement on Palestinian national unity and political development in the area. The study shed the light on Oslo and other agreements that followed with respect to the extent of consistency with the Palestinian national charter and the Palestinian National Council decisions in order to allow judgment on the policies that agree with or contradict the charter or the council decisions. The study also discussed the commitments of the Palestinian authority according to the agreement and the extent of its reinforcement and fulfillment of Palestinian unity in accordance to the indicated definition presented in the introduction of the thesis. The definition merges the theoretical dimension with the practical reality formulated by the various Palestinian resistance factions. The study showed the extent of remoteness between commitments and Palestinian general thoughts of an independent state For example, the charter prohibited both recognition and negotiations with Israel and also rejected all United Nations resolutions in this respect; meanwhile, it imposed restrictions on resistance movements and struggle against the Israelis in accordance with Oslo agreement. The study also discussed the response of the various Palestinian factions towards the adopted policies of the Palestinian authority. The study showed that the majority of the resistance factions, which rejected the Oslo agreement and considered it as a treason to the Palestinian people, worked and collaborated with the authority and joined the various administrative sectors. These factions failed to offer any alternatives to the agreement and also failed in unifying their efforts. An important finding of the study that all what Oslo offered was a Palestinian authority that practiced corruption in all aspects of life and managed to dismantle the Palestinian community through its policies and practices. Disappointment and hatred towards the authority became evident features, and the absence of security became a disturbing state for the citizens. Such situation generated a hostile environment and made it difficult for the various resistance factions to form any political unity in the Palestine. In conclusion, the study showed that the various factions constituted an obstacle for any possible Palestinian political unity through its practices and its role was a disease that affected and dismantled the Palestinian social fabric. With respect to the authority, it managed to exclude others and stayed as the only decision maker, although it's politically announced commitment to the political unity, its practices on reality is far away from what one can see, and far away from the principles and commitments towards unity. The best solution is to create new political leaders whose interest agrees with the general interest of the people and aim at the establishment of an independent state. This might be possible through getting red of the previous agreement with the Israelis and the search for more realistic approaches that suit the capabilities of the country. It is also important to note that the possibility of political reunification was evident during the early stages of confrontations with the Israelis during Al-Aqsa Intefada, however, such hopes disappeared with the restrictions imposed on the confrontation and people lost faith in both the leadership and the resistance factions who have been seeking to achieve all what is in their interests. |
Dialogue in the Holy Qur'an
Dialogue in the Holy Qur'an PDF |
| Ma'en Mahmoud Othman Damrah |
| Supervisor(s) |
| Dr Mohammed Hafiz Al- Shraydeh - |
| Discussion Commity |
| 246 صفحة |
| Abstract : |
Abstract My research consists of an introduction and four chapters. In the introduction, I clarified the concept of "dialogue" linguistically and conventionally I also explained the most important differences between the dialogue and argument. In the first chapter, I introduced patterns of the dialogue in the Holy Qur’an through dialogue among messengers – peace be upon them –with their people. Besides to that, I explored the dialogue between Moses – peace be upon him – and the good man, Al Khader, in addition to the dialogue among the disciples and the masters who misled them on the day of resurrection. Finally, I came up with the most important lesson or advice from the dialogue in these examples. In the second chapter, I discussed the principles of the dialogue and persuasion, beginning with the mutual respect among the talkers, then searching for the truth, and I ended this chapter by "kindness, flexibility, and gentleness" . In the third chapter, I dealt with the rules of the dialogue and debate which include: active listening, the personality of the talker, the strategy of ending the dialogue. Finally, I came up with several useful tips for a successful dialogue. In the fourth chapter, I dealt with the dialogue of cultures with the respect of "Holy Qur’an", and I explained its rules and objectives. I came up with rules and morals which must be taken into consideration so as to make the dialogue constructive and successful. I also recommended all preachers and talkers to be committed to these rules and moral. |
Change of Money Value and its Effect on Debt Infracting
Change of Money Value and its Effect on Debt Infracting PDF |
| Saleh Reda Hasan Abu Farha |
| Supervisor(s) |
| Dr. Jamal Ahmad Zaid AI-Kilani - |
| Discussion Commity |
| 129 صفحة |
| Abstract : |
Abstract Many thanks and all gratitude to our God, meeting his generous giving, and pushing his anger away from us, We ask our God to bless our life and our religion and to give us more knowledge and king life. Money plays a very important role in the life of human communities and individuals, and it also has a major role in the economical system. And the problems that affect the states' economics, which have a big influence on their stability and affairs, and consequently influence the status of the community individuals in their dealings. One of the most important economical problems today, the problem of the decrease in the money purchasing power, which is called inflation, where money becomes cheep and goods become expensive, so the state commitments are affected internally and externally, which lead to many problems. The issue of the change of money value was discussed by the old mullahs according to the existing status at that time, that change was simple, it wasn't forming a big danger on the economical system in that period because they were depending in the first place on the gold and silver metals which are usually stable. But today, the issue of the change of money value forms a very big danger on the economics because money is not stable but it changes constantly, this makes the problem of the change of the money value very difficult, because the value is not stable. In my research I talked in the first chapter about the definition, the importance, kinds, and functions of money. In the second chapter I talked about the change of money value and its events, the reasons of deterioration of money value in the current age, and the state role in money stability. In the third chapter I talked about the definition of debt, the change of money value and its effect on debt infraction, and the change (gold & silver) value. In the forth chapter I talked about the change of money value and its effect on debt infraction, the mullahs sayings in this field, and showing the best view. In the conclusion I put the results of my research. I ask my great God to make me act right, he will ear and reply. |
The Authority of the Ruler in Dropping and Reducing Punishments
The Authority of the Ruler in Dropping and Reducing Punishments PDF |
| Nidal Mustafa Hasan Al-Asmar |
| Supervisor(s) |
| Dr. Abd El-Men'em Jaber Abo-Qahooq - |
| Discussion Commity |
| 260 صفحة |
| Abstract : |
The Authority of the Ruler in Dropping and Reducing Punishments Prepared by Nidal Mustafa Hasan Al-Asmar Supervised by Dr. Abd El-Men'em Jaber Abo-Qahooq Abstract This study examines the authority of the ruler "Imam" to drop, reduce or stop the punishments. The "Imam" is the only one who has the responsibility to practice these punishments. I reached a conclusion that there are some punishments that the ruler cannot drop, such as the punishments of the crimes that finished their conditions, basic elements and reached the hand of the ruler. I found out that the punishments could be reduced by decreasing the penalty, or exchanged with another one. Furthermore this study dealt with the honor crimes, and the degree of there legitimacy in Islam. I reached the fact that the one who kills on this ground will take the punishment unless he/she brings evidence that killing happened based on the above ground. I tackled the concept of emergent conditions, types, and their effect on dropping the punishment. I reached that the Imam can take emergent conditions to drop punishment in limited range in crimes of penalties, punishments. I reached a conclusion that the ruler has a wide responsibility to use the emergent conditions in the crimes that the ruler has the only power on. In addition, I reached the fact that the ruler has the power to stop the application of the general punishment in the state because of the general forceful conditions, as the commander of faithful Omar Ibn Al-Khattab when he stopped the application of stealing punishment during the year of famine. This stopping is limited, and it works as long as these conditions available.
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Zionist Settlement in Hebron AreaFrom 1967-2000
Zionist Settlement in Hebron AreaFrom 1967-2000 PDF |
| Salah Hasan Mahmod Abo Alrob |
| Supervisor(s) |
| Prof. Dr. Nezam Izat Al-Abbasi - |
| Discussion Commity |
| 189 صفحة |
| Abstract : |
This study discusses the Zionist settlement of the Hebron area from 1967 to2000. The Hebron area has: been at the centre of the interest of the Zionist Movement since it was established. It has considered the city of Hebron to be that of their ancestors: and that which must be captured and settled by the Jews. The first group of Jews which arrived at Hebron from Spain was well – treated by the Arab resident there. This treatment continued until the clashes of Al. Burag broke out in 1929. Dozens of Jews were killed in these clashes because they took part in them. A small number of these group continued to live in Hebron until 1936 when they were evacuated by the British forces. The study consists of five chapters: Chapter One talks about the Hebron area in terms of its geographical location، climate، landscape landscape and the economical، social and political circumstance until the year of2000. Chapter two talks about settlement from the Zionists point of view through handling a few Jewish societies which made an important contribution to the spread of settlement in Palestine. It also investigates the project put for ward by the leaders of the Israeli governments- in order to control the Hebron area and other terretoriesof the West Bank. An investigation of the Israeli causes behind settling in the Hebron area. Chapter three talks about the Jewish settlement in Hebron before 1967. It also studies the means implemented by the Israeli occupation to seize the Palestinian land in the Hebron area. The Zionist movement considers Hebron to be the second holiest city along with Jerusalem. Though repressive activities, the Jewish settlers forced the Arab residents of Hebron to leave their houses in the old parts of the town. Conseguenty, the settlers took over the control of these houses and so small Jewish points were formed. Besides، the leaders of the city so that they would set up, a Jewish Hebron, through making a geographical connection among these small settlements, so that they could finally make up a huge settlement inside the city. In the fourth chapter I discussed the settlements which were built up from 1967 until 2000 in terms of site، population، the size of the areas which were seized to build them up and the stages of construction through which these settlement passed. In chapter five I handled the Palestinian resistance against settlement in Hebron. Since 1967 this resistance of all its forms, civil and arme, has become stronger، and so formed an obstacle in front of settlement in Hebron and limited its spread in the city. The settlements of Hebron have terribly affected and badly damaged the Palestinian environment as well aspects of the Arab residents in Hebron. These settlements have caused serious harm to the national economy and drawn up a gloomy political future for the area. More over، we should not over look the settlers offensive attitudes to wards the Palestinians in Hebron as they are well – known for their hatred to wards the Arabs. |
King in Poetry Ignorant
King in Poetry Ignorant PDF |
| Mohayya Abd-Raheem Khader Nassef |
| Supervisor(s) |
| Dr. Ihsan Addik - |
| Discussion Commity |
| 153 صفحة |
| Abstract : |
Abstract The current research focused on Aljahleon poems and kings "King in Poetry Ignorant". The study included an introduction and three chapters. The introduction presents the reasons behind the selection of this topic and the main literature recourse used. The first chapter included an introduction that discusses the definitions and linguistic meanings of the word king in ancient languages in addition to two main streams, the first discuses king in human heritage. I found that kings were looked at and considered as holly as God. This gave them the power to role nation's heritage. In the second stream "Kings in Aljahleon heritage" I did not find that Aljahleon were different in their point view from other nations towards the kings and concluded that humans in general are in need to the power that control the universe, a power that they respect and obey and kings were that power that provide them with security. The second chapter handled kings in poetry ignorant and I found that poets included kings in their poems, but kings were a part of the poem and were mentioned in contemporary, praise and defamation and other social aspects of life representing a honest view of Aljahleon life. The third chapter represents the king's images in the poetry ignorant and found three dimensions for this image a religious dimension in which king was thought of as God and in other cases considered as the sun, moon and others. The second image was a psychological dimension of the poets through their views of the good and evil of kings. The third dimension was the social aspect and in this respect, the king has two images; the first considered the king as a symbol of power and oppression and high ranking and the second as a symbol of giving, good, forgiving and welfare and both of these images reflected in an honest way the life of Aljahleon. In conclusion, I summarized the result of the study and ended with a list of used references. Judgments and the lexical meanings. his defines the original poetry and poem which appeared in an attracting way by the end of the third Hijri century and was at the top interest of the language sciences. The current study focused on collecting as much as possible of the poem of this period and I followed during this study two styles: a historical through citation of this phenomenon and the central subjects concerning linguistic, grammatical and scientific; and an analytic descriptive method that was used in the analysis of few poems with respect to its styles, roles and judgments. In addition to that, analysis included the lexical meanings especially those contradict the linguistic features. The study was divided into six chapters and ended with a conclusion included the results of the study. The first chapter discussed the phenomenon of the of the poem of "Al-mtoon", its origin, extensions, and the most important figures of that poem. The second chapter discussed meanings and words, common moral and the verbal ones, and those that share the same common verbal sense and differ in meanings including the opposites. The third chapter included the begging's of the riddles and their types including the linguistic and grammatical in addition to those poets who wrote riddles. The forth chapter was allocated to the grammatical systems and analyzed what is contradictory with the language rules. The fifth chapter was dedicated to poems related to the religion sciences, which is usually written by scholars and includes jurisprudence judgments on the basis of one of the doctrines. Chapters six was a collection of various related topics in order complete and tackle the various aspects of the poem of "Al-mtoon" and included poems of eloquence, medicine and history.
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Ali al khalili
Ali al khalili PDF |
| Abdul Rahman Ali Abdul Rahman J'eed |
| Supervisor(s) |
| Prof. Adel Abu Amshah - |
| Discussion Commity |
| 235 صفحة |
| Abstract : |
Abstract This study comes in an introduction, preface, four chapters and a conclusion as following. I summarized in the preface the biography of the author, and briefed his various literary works in Palestinian folklore, criticism, and journalism. Ali Al Khalil efforts were pointed toward presenting the Palestinian literature and its ability to participate in the Palestinian national movement, despite the occupation, and other hardships facing the Palestinian nation. In chapter one I have discussed the poetical works of Ali al Khalili; we can notice that the Palestinian struggle was visible in his poems. We can also notice his call for the resistance and his efforts to track the image of the martyr are all significant in most of his poetical works. Ali al Khalili as a poet draws his images from the rich heritage so he can build a contemporary picture. Moreover, al Khalili employed a language that is suitable for every stage, he used synonyms, repetition. The effort was focused in chapter two on the essay writing, and to compare his works with other journalists of the time in Palestine. Al Khalili managed to combine both, literary writing and journalist; his skills were obvious in his ability to distinguish between a news article and a literary article, and for him each type has its awn feature. Novel and Ali Al Khalili were the center of chapter three. Three novels of al Khalili that took their place in the Palestinian novel and painted the reality of the occupied land. In these novels I tried to analyze the novels from its language, structure, time, and characters. Biography of Ali Al Khalili was the subject of chapter four; I have tried to shed some light on the impact of the first place (Bit an nar) in his life, his first poem and the impact that formed the seeds of his poetical work especially after the Nakbah of 1948. Finally, the study ends with a conclusion that summarizes the main result of the study??? Al Khalili literary works was not only limited on the resistance of occupation, but also took the social and intellectual aspects of life. Despite all of Al Khalili works, they did not take their sufficient study from critics and scholars. On this regard , one of the objectives of the study is to draw more attention to al Khalili literary achievements, that is his efforts were focused on the issue of the Palestinian human being through the various stages that is full of sacrifice despite the hardship pf his life although he continued the creativity marc and supplied the Palestinian literature of more than one literary genre and this by it self is an indicator of his large energy that made him take an important role in the Palestinian literary movement. |
The Other in Pre Islamic Poetry
The Other in Pre Islamic Poetry PDF |
| Mayy Odhe Ahmad Yasien |
| Supervisor(s) |
| Dr. Ehsan Al-Deek - |
| Discussion Commity |
| 106 صفحة |
| Abstract : |
Abstract Talking about “the other” in pre -Islamic era” "Al-jahiil" poet was part of his VIS1Ofl to himself because the” other is exiting in his identity, It forms a subject of temptation for the poet precaution and care from him, through him "the other" we knew how much the Arabs had evaluated “the other” and taken from his culture and civilization. This subject has forced its way in the psychological and social studies but had never been given any care by the ancient literature but they mentioned it through taking about the relationship between the Arab and other nation. This research studies the presence of” the other” in the pre-Islamic "Aljahili" poetry and it also tries to answer questions like, how did the Arab person meet the other?. In the first chapter of the research we answer the pervious question by talking about ways of communication which include political, commercial and religious ways or through ways or missionary missions orjahili singers and musicians. The second chapter discussing the question of how did the poet use “the other” in his poetry, the other was divided into many ethics such as the Persian, the Roman, the Indian, the Napatean and the the other was present in peace and war times through importing weapons eg, the Indians words or through wars e.g -wars between the Arabs and the Persians or the Romans, also in peace times the Habashsi presence through buying and selling slaves forn Habashi land. In the third chapter I discussed the religious side of” the other “through relation with the Jews, Christians and Mjous and their presence in al -jahili poetry, the most striking point was that “the other had no important effect on the Arab from the religious side. we can refer this to the fact that the Jews were c and cruel and the Christians were so peaceful and not crule and these characterstics which the Arab hate, The has no considerable presence in the poetry due to weak effect on the arab person. The fourth chapter discussed the effect of” the other” on the language and music of the poet, we found some expressions that enter the Arabs from the Persian or Roman languages such as names of musical instruments perfumes and flowers, the music effect can be seen in using rhymes and rhythems and meters from quick to slow or "Majzo" or "mashtoor" that gives poetry its glamour and artistic poetry which we notice in their poetry. |
Stylistic Study in Alkahf Sura
Stylistic Study in Alkahf Sura PDF |
| Marwan Mohamed Saed Abd-Elrahman |
| Supervisor(s) |
| Prof. Khaleel Auda - |
| Discussion Commity |
| 237 صفحة |
| Abstract : |
This applied study, which consist of three chapters, searches in Alkahf Sura, according to Stylistic Method, which searches into the different aspects of linguistics: critically. This study is distinguished in the sense that it covers the whole Sura. In the first chapter, it explores the phonetic level, and its musical and aesthetical significance .In addition the semantic level and the features of the exact expressions are explored. Then the associative relations among the accurately chosen words including: synonyms, antonyms, and polyesmy are studied. In the 2sd chapter, This significant phenomena of this Sura together with its expressive meanings are investigate. Among these phenomena are: repetition, singular and plural, definite and indefinite, backward and forward, interrogation, and surprise. In the third chapter, I studied the artistic imaging of the Sura،In which imaginary expressions depending on figurative formed together with its artistic images in which we can notice clearly the artistic images in which we can clearly notice the artistic harmony of all these images.
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Protection of Public Money and Tax Dues
Protection of Public Money and Tax Dues PDF |
| Amjad Nabeeh Abdel-Fattah Lubadeh |
| Supervisor(s) |
| Dr. Mohammed Sharaqa - |
| Discussion Commity |
| 260 صفحة |
| Abstract : |
Abstract This study investigated the legal reality pertaining to the protection of public money and tax money given their great importance for the country to carry out its duties towards the society and the citizen in particular. Protection of public and tax money plays an important role in the life of the country. This protection represents values of integrity and fighting of corruption which has become rampant in many countries. In this theoretical part, the researcher explored the means of such protection from a legal aspect. He held a comparative study of all aspects pertinent to public money and tax dues in terms of definition and means of legal protection. Specifically, the researcher examined the legal and administrative procedures and the scholars' opinions thereof. To these ends, the researcher developed a questionnaire on the legal reality to protect tax dues. The questionnaire was distributed randomly among a sample of 85 employees involved in tax collection in the northern West Bank. In this study, the researcher used the descriptive field methodology. After data collection and analysis, using SPSS, it was found that there were factors threatening the loss of tax money in Palestine. This result was moderately supported by the sample. It was also found that there were factors of serious imbalance in the law itself. This received the highest percentage of support in comparison with other factors, followed by shortcomings in procedures and administrative levels, respectively, in charge of the tax dues. Further, there was a significant agreement, among the respondents, that the legal texts stress that the tax dues are required despite dispute over them. The tax-related legal texts prohibit conclusion of any deal or settlement that wastes tax dues or any of them. However, these tax legal texts fail to give the right to the clearing payer to the tax dues and differentiate between tax dues and other personal debts in favor of tax. These legal texts also illustrate the importance of lapse of time in the issue of tax dues. Moreover, it was found that there were clear administrative and judicial procedures to follow up and discuss the tax dues. The procedures applied guarantee the collection of tax dues according to the deadlines and imposition of fines on taxpayers who fail to beat these deadlines. Also, it was found there were strict measures particularly when it came to collection of tax dues. There was an average support for this. There was also a significant agreement among the respondents that there were commitments to apply the legal text pertinent to the tax dues by the tax assessors and employees. However, there was little agreement, among the respondents, concerning the presence of appropriate and sufficient administrative levels to deal with tax dues issues. Also there was a low percentage among respondents concerning the presence of a strict periodic control of tax assessors and consultants' liabilities. However, the current courts are qualified and efficient to settle disputes pertinent to the tax dues. There was, in addition, agreement, among respondents, that the tax legal texts are clear-cut and leave no room for any misunderstanding regarding tax dues. However, there was a little agreement, among the respondents, concerning the presence of clear administrative and judicial measures to follow up and discuss tax dues. Finally, it was also found that there was a little agreement on the presence of appropriate administrative levels to process/ deal with the tax dues issues. In the light of the study findings, the researcher suggests the following recommendations: · Improvement of the performance and the means of tax institutions. · Freeing the hand of the judiciary authority in order to carry out its duties through legislation itself. · Establishment of a criminal investigation department or authority to look into economic-related crimes and tax-related crimes in particular. · Enactment of economic penalty laws which detail all kinds of economic-related crimes which are at present scattered in some legal texts, thus making them difficult to identify in a scientific fashion.
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Value Added Tax and it`s Relatoinship
Value Added Tax and it`s Relatoinship PDF |
| Amer Abdul Aziz Mahmood Musa |
| Supervisor(s) |
| Dr.Hasan F. Haj Musa - د. غسان خالد |
| Discussion Commity |
| 216 صفحة |
| Abstract : |
Abstract There are authors who consider tax to comprise all ideological, economic and technical elements, that interact with one another to construct a certain tax entity, which works for financing public expenses programs of the state, in addition to raising the level of economic resources and directing them towards the best utilization and accelerating growth rates to alleviate or eliminate problems of instability and realize social justice in national income distribution among individuals of the society, and also imposing national security for all. On the basis of a deep and realistic study of the needs of any society, that society may consider having any sort of taxes and build its taxing system in accordance with that adopted sort. takes differ in kind according to source being direct, indirect, imposed on money, on persons, income, capital, or expenses. Taxes may be imposed on one source or be multisided, or they may not be given with tax designation. Serving citizens and considering their interests needs enough financing ; in fact, it is the autonomous and abundant source in which, foreigners don’t help the government and which enables the government, in case it is well utilized, not to concede any part of its sovereignty. After considering taxes as comprising social solidarity, when distribution of taxes is fair, it becomes necessary to study taxes and their results in producing direct or indirect utility to the society and individuals. Tax laws are diverse and interusined such that the individual citizen (the non-specialist) becomes unable to differentiate easily between one tax and another, hence I preferred to write on this subject trying to discover points of compatibility and incompatibility between value added tax and income tax which are valid in Palestine, especially in the administration and legislative stages including definition and collecting. Hence, the study matter will be identifying the degree of compatibility between the valid tax laws and their correlaon and also investigating the feasibility of existence of various tax departments in light of the correlation between the various taxes, and knowing if one tax department can do all tasks of the departments, particularly in case of amending some tax laws. The research also adopted the attempt of providing the reader with a complete idea on the application of vat in Palestine regarding the beginning of its collecting, the law according to which it is collected, and the exactly of possibility of developments of there laws to be more sensitive to tax fairness requirements, the principles upon which these laws were founded and applied, and also the determinates of this tax as implied by the economic agreement between the national Palestinian authority and the Hebrew state. The importance of this study is related to discovering to the relationship between vat and income tax, especially the legislative relationship and determining the possibility of depending on decrees or decisions in imposing vat or the necessity of issuing explicit law imposing vat in commodities and services and also studying the extent of compatibility between vat and income tax and also investigating the method of determining the due income tax on establishments and companies, i.e. in legal personalities regarding their payment of vat without rereading of the tax file annually, particularly if the file was examined on a monthly basic in the vat departments. Literature on vat in particular and income tax in general was reviewed, including books on public finance, journals, papers and internet sites. also a field study questionnaire was used for deducing the opinion of tax payers and their understanding of the various kinds of taxes and enquiry about their performance of any imposed tax, and ease of dealing with tax departments in addition to other enquiries concentrating on vat, customs, and excise taxes, and determining if there is a need of imposing vat on commodities and service as is the case with the taxes of customs, excise, taxes and the law of income taxes. The research confirmed the necessity of unifying the departments of vat and the income tax in one department, activating the role of the tax department to become the fundamental and first reference of revenues of the Palestinian national authority, and also the necessity of availability of independent legislative laws of the PNA i.e. accelerating issuance of a vat law, because the available texts regarding the vat systems, currently, are not available to all taxable persons, in addition to being ambiguous and difficult to understand set during the day of direct occupation. This can take place through a modern tax laws that responds to the particularity of tax payers and the challenges of the Palestinian reality, current in Palestine, and reducing income tax, and increasing dependence on expenditure taxes including vat. |
Balance Limits between Tax Authorities and Tax Payers
Balance Limits between Tax Authorities and Tax Payers PDF |
| Hani Mohamed Hasan Shubeitah |
| Supervisor(s) |
| Dr. Nael Ahmad Taha - |
| Discussion Commity |
| 89 صفحة |
| Abstract : |
Efforts have been focused to quadrate the advantages, which were conflicted with treasury advantages and supplier advantages. Therefore the tax laws has applied the cods which keep the treasury rights and perform its goals while at the same time it keeps the taxpayer rights and decrease the tax Heaviness. The tax should be equal in which all taxpayer share every one as his ability to pay due to the rate of income he has, the tax define surely without ambiguity or control it must be pointed out.quantity ,date of payment. The ways of collecting tax and the procedures of collecting and carrying out the encourage and fixity of tax system are subjected to this field. It will never be changeable, the taxpayer must accustomed to pay it and will never feel the heaviness upon him so this will never sulfite with facility and it will be collected in suitable times and ways for taxpayer and treasury. Tax law has put arrangement for ways and rights to attain to the section subjected to the tax and to estimate the value of tax debit in accurate way and applied obligations that guarantees for the management to keep it rights. Thus.we can give the right to look at books and Registers and document enable it to renew the amount of tax in exact way with protesting against its secret that the tax management is keeping all the secrets that aware at. The pen penalties code put forward every thing that disturb using management for this right either to escape from offer documents or refuse to let the employees to aware at the documents before the expire date. The law gives management law an authority to estimate the substance that subjected to tax either at random or by outside appearance and to give it a wide freedom to collect the evidence and in formations and statistics and to discuss the taxpayer to remove the cover at tax amount and the management has the right to follow this mean as a penalty for taxpayer for refusal to offer tax licenses deliberately or by neglecting this freedom which lead to control the estimation but to the truly of tax by evidence and proofs. In addition to that the tax law applied several penalties upon every one who rejects his rules as a guarantee to the treasury rights to estimate the amount of tax exactly and to define its amount and collect it so the tax low applied penalties in case the records and the document were rejected to apply and in the case of wrong declarations and acknowledgements were offered or not in definite time. The penalties were either for fit or imprisonment upon the taxpayer or those who share him either in encouragement or help him to evade the tax. But the low arranged the rules of collection to keep quality and the taxpayer rights. First of these rules to prove the episode that caused it by indicating the procedure to fix and collect it. For this reason the taxpayer has been given the right to reject the decisions of estimation by tax law and to oppose it to area who responsible for tax to review it self and to make sure of the a curacy of his appeasement and gave him the right to apply his oppression to the rejection committee and to the court to reject the decision of management this is to make sure of management’s be heavier and to keep the rights of taxpayer and applied it to the law. The tax authority may miss using its authority against the taxpayer and it supposed that those taxpayer must regain their rights in the court when the oppressed against any mistake in the fact or in law that the tax management committed or when she exceed its tax authority. Therefore the importance of rejection appear and the role of tax law and its observation on the work of tax management upon practicing its authorities to apply tax law. Court observation makes the management practicing it authority in favor of low without exceeding the rights and guarantees of taxpayers. Tax quarrels has its importance while the tax authority have a great authority to face the taxpayer who remains the poor part in the tax relation ship he has no way but to reject as an only mean to defend which considered to be the origin way. Tax quarrel has its importance while the taxpayer ignore either deliberately or un deliberately his rights and charges towards tax this makes him truthfully or untruthfully to arise tax arguments in the face of management. Therefore this research will deal to treat the matter of balances generally and in details that enable the management and the taxpayer to aware of the issue from all sides. It confirms the taxpayers attitude to keep his right and to defend himself. The management will therefore practice its authorities without oppression in away to slight the cases of rejection from one hand and it could decide its matter as soon as possible in case it happens on the other hand. |
Israeli Colonies Impact on Physical Expansion of Palestinian Settlement Hebron Governorate
Israeli Colonies Impact on Physical Expansion of Palestinian Settlement Hebron Governorate PDF |
| Mahmoud Abdullah Mohamad Isleimieh |
| Supervisor(s) |
| Dr. Ali Adelhamid - الدكتور عزيز الدويك |
| Discussion Commity |
| 188 صفحة |
| Abstract : |
The long period of Israeli occupation to West Bank, and as a result of National policies absence or weakness areas, Hebron district, as other west bank cities, suffers from random expansion in Palestinian cities, Hebron had suffered from Israelis settlements since 1967, in order to occupy Palestinian land and to damage and destroy their life in different sides, consequencely, more than 27 settlements have been constructed in Hebron District, which affect developing areas expansion. So Palestinian expansion concentrated inside intensive inhabiting areas, on the contrary, settlements are spreading out of the expense of building development of Palestinian cities. In addition, the study concentrated on the role of the Israeli Separation Wall in destroying and confiscating of the Palestinians land and it's effect on Palestinians' building in Hebron Distract. The main objective of the study is to investigate the effect of Israeli settlements on the development and expansion of building during the period of occupation. The result of this study concluded that the existence of Israeli occupation and the establishment of settlements and the separation Wall on the Palestinian land had and still preventing Palestinian people from their human rights in building houses for their national increase and caused separation between towns and villages by the high road and the partition 4 The study had concluded that national plans have to be prepared for the future development and expansion of citizen building to fulfill the Palestinian needs according to their natural increase. |
Community Participation in Architectural Design (Evaluation of Al-Maageen Housing in Nablus)
Community Participation in Architectural Design (Evaluation of Al-Maageen Housing in Nablus) PDF |
| Saleh, Ahmad Mohamaaed Al-Haj Ahmad |
| Supervisor(s) |
| Ziad Senan; Khairi Marei - |
| Discussion Commity |
| صفحة |
| Abstract : |
This work explores the issue of participation in architectural design process. Participatory design, user participation, citizen control, making decision process and other approaches are discussed to be reflected the implication for practice when the design process involves many parties. As more and more actors are being called to participate in the design process, the roles of the participants and the boundaries of their contributions are being reframed and negotiated. What design strategies and tactics are needed to be brought up into the design process to allow fruitful participation of the users? How designers can facilitate the involvement of the users? The issue of participation seems to imply new positions that require designers to design not only the end product, but also the process that will help more people to become involved in the design process. The work presents a case study about participation in Al-Maageen housing in Nablus city, Palestine. This case study investigates the current practice of the participation process in our Palestinian community. The founding concentrates on the level of participation in this community. It was clear that the residents try to participate in their housing but it was not as they want as it began lately. |